MEvent

class maelzel.core.event.MEvent(dur, offset=None, amp=None, parent=None, properties=None, symbols=None, label='', dynamic='', tied=False)

Bases: MObj

Abstract class representing a discrete event in time (a Note, Chord, etc)

Note

an MEvent cannot be created on its own, it is the base class for all notes, chord, clips, etc.

Parameters:

• dur (Fraction) – the duration of the object, in beats

• offset (Optional[Fraction]) – an explicit offset (start time) in beats

• amp (Optional[float]) – an amplitude value

• parent (Optional[MContainer]) – the parent of this object, if any

• properties (Optional[dict[str, Any]]) – user-defined properties

• symbols (Optional[list[Symbol]]) – notations symbols attached to this event

• label – a label for this object

• dynamic – a dynamic as string, if applicable

• tied – is this event tied to the next event?

Attributes Summary

amp	The playback amplitude 0-1 of this note.
dur	The duration of this object, in quarternotes
dynamic	A musical dynamic (pppp, ppp, ..., mp, mf, f, ..., ffff)
end	The end time of this object.
gliss	The end target of this event, if any
label	a label can be used to identify an object within a group of objects
name	A string representing this event
offset	Optional offset, in quarternotes.
parent	The parent of this object.
playargs	playargs are set via setPlay() and are used to customize playback (instr, gain, …).
properties	User-defined properties as a dict (None by default).
symbols	A list of all symbols added via addSymbol() (None by default)
tied	Is this event tied?

Methods Summary

absEnd()	Returns the absolute end of this offset, as quarternotes
absOffset()	Returns the absolute offset of this object in quarternotes
activeScorestruct()	Returns the ScoreStruct active for this obj or its parent.
addSpanner(spanner[, endobj])	Adds a spanner symbol to this object
addSymbol(*args, **kws)	Add a notation symbol to this object
addText(text[, placement, italic, weight, ...])	Add a text annotation to this object
asGrace([slash, stemless, value])
automate(param, breakpoints[, ...])	Add an automation action to this event
clone(**kws)	Clone this object, changing parameters if needed
copy()	Returns a copy of this object
cropped(start, end)	A copy of Self, cropped to the given time range
dump([indents, forcetext])	Prints all relevant information about this object
durSecs()	Returns the duration in seconds according to the active score
getConfig([prototype])	Returns a CoreConfig overloaded with options set for this object
getPlay(key[, default, recursive])	Get a playback attribute previously set via MObj.setPlay()
getProperty(key[, default])	Get a property of this objects
getSymbol(classname)	Get a symbol of a given class, if present
invertPitch(pivot)	Invert the pitch of this object
isGrace()	Is this a grace note?
isLinkedNext()	Is this event linked to the next?
isLinkedPrev()	Is this event linked to the previous?
isRest()	Is this a rest?
location()	Returns the location of this object within the active score struct
meanPitch()	The mean pitch of this object
mergeWith(other)	Merge this with other, return None if not possible
nextEvent()	Return the event next to self within the parent container
parentAbsOffset()	The absolute offset of the parent
pitchRange()	The pitch range of this object, if applicable
pitchTransform(pitchmap)	Apply a pitch-transform to this object, returns a copy
play([instr, delay, args, gain, chan, ...])	Plays this object.
plot([axes, figsize, timeSignatures, grid])	Plot this object
previousEvent()	Return the event previous to self
quantizePitch([step])	Returns a new object, with pitch rounded to step
quantizedScore([scorestruct, config, ...])	Returns a QuantizedScore representing this object
rec([outfile, sr, verbose, wait, nchnls, ...])	Record the output of .play as a soundfile
relEnd()	Resolved end of this object, relative to its parent
relOffset()	Resolve the offset of this object, relative to its parent
remap(deststruct[, sourcestruct])	Creates a clone, remapping times from source scorestruct to destination scorestruct
render([backend, renderoptions, ...])	Renders this object as notation
resolveDynamic()	Resolve the dynamic at the given note
root()	The root of this object or None if this object has no parent
scorestruct()	Returns the ScoreStruct active for this obj or its parent (recursively)
scoringEvents([groupid, config, parentOffset])	Returns its notated form as scoring.Notations
scoringParts([config])	Returns this object as a list of scoring UnquantizedParts.
setPlay(**kws)	Set any playback attributes, returns self
setProperty(key, value)	Set a property, returns self
show([fmt, external, backend, scorestruct, ...])	Show this as notation.
splitAt(offset[, tie, nomerge])	Split this event at the given absolute offset
splitAtOffsets(offsets[, tie, nomerge])	Split this event at the given offsets
synthEvents([instr, delay, args, gain, ...])	Returns the SynthEvents needed to play this object
timeRange()	Returns a tuple (starttime, endtime), in seconds
timeScale(factor[, offset])	Create a copy with modified timing by applying a linear transformation
timeShift(offset)	Return a copy of this object with an added offset
timeShiftInPlace(offset)	Shift the time of this by the given offset (inplace)
timeTransform(timemap[, inplace])	Apply a transformation to the time axes of this event
transpose(interval)	Transpose this object by the given interval
transposeByRatio(ratio)	Transpose this by a given frequency ratio, if applicable
unquantizedScore([title])	Create a maelzel.scoring.UnquantizedScore from this object
withExplicitOffset([forcecopy])	Copy of self with explicit times
write(outfile[, backend, resolution, format])	Export to multiple formats

Attributes Documentation

amp: float | None

The playback amplitude 0-1 of this note. None if not set

dur

The duration of this object, in quarternotes

dynamic: str

A musical dynamic (pppp, ppp, …, mp, mf, f, …, ffff)

end

The end time of this object.

Will be None if this object has no explicit offset. Use :meth:`

gliss

The end target of this event, if any

label: str

a label can be used to identify an object within a group of objects

name

A string representing this event

offset: F | None

Optional offset, in quarternotes. Specifies the start time relative to its parent

It can be None, which indicates that within a container this object would start after the previous object. For an object without a parent, the offset is an absolute offset.

parent

playargs: PlayArgs | None

playargs are set via setPlay() and are used to customize playback (instr, gain, …). None by default

properties: dict[str, _t.Any] | None

User-defined properties as a dict (None by default). Set them via setProperty()

symbols: list[_symbols.Symbol] | None

A list of all symbols added via addSymbol() (None by default)

tied: bool

Is this event tied?

Methods Documentation

absEnd()

Returns the absolute end of this offset, as quarternotes

If this object is embedded (has a parent) in a container, its absolute end depends on the offset of its parent, recursively. If the object has no parent then the absolute offset is just the resolved offset

Return type:

Fraction

Returns:

the absolute end position of this object

absOffset()

Returns the absolute offset of this object in quarternotes

If this object is embedded (has a parent) in a container, its absolute offset depends on the offset of its parent, recursively. If the object has no parent then the absolute offset is just the resolved offset

Return type:

Fraction

Returns:

the absolute start position of this object

activeScorestruct()

Returns the ScoreStruct active for this obj or its parent.

Otherwise returns the scorestruct for the active workspace

Return type:

ScoreStruct

Returns:

the active scorestruct for this object

See also

MObj.scorestruct()

addSpanner(spanner, endobj=None)

Adds a spanner symbol to this object

A spanner is a slur, line or any other symbol attached to two or more objects. A spanner always has a start and an end.

Parameters:

• spanner (str | Spanner) – a Spanner object or a spanner description (one of ‘slur’, ‘<’, ‘>’, ‘trill’, ‘bracket’, etc. - see maelzel.core.symbols.makeSpanner() When passing a string description, prepend it with ‘~’ to create an end spanner

• endobj (Optional[MEvent]) – the object where this spanner ends, if known

Return type:

Self

Returns:

self (allows to chain calls)

Example

>>> from maelzel.core import *
>>> a = Note("4C")
>>> b = Note("4E")
>>> c = Note("4G")
>>> a.addSpanner('slur', c)
>>> chain = Chain([a, b, c])

See also

Spanner.bind()

In some cases the end target can be inferred:

>>> chain = Chain([
... Note("4C", 1, dynamic='p').addSpanner("<"),
... Note("4D", 0.5),
... Note("4E", dynamic='f')   # This ends the hairpin spanner
... ])

Or it can be set later

>>> chain = Chain([
... Note("4C", 1).addSpanner("slur"),
... Note("4D", 0.5),
... Note("4E").addSpanner("~slur")   # This ends the last slur spanner
... ])

addSymbol(*args, **kws)

Add a notation symbol to this object

Notation symbols are attributes attached to one event and are intended for notation only. Such symbols include articulations, ornaments, fermatas but also properties, like color, size, etc. Also customizations like notehead shape, bend signs, all are considered symbols. Notation symbols spanning across multiple events (like slurs, crescendo hairpins, lines, etc.) are considered spanners and are added via addSpanner()

Some symbols are exclusive, meaning that adding a symbol of this kind will replace a previously set symbol. Exclusive symbols include any properties (color, size, etc) and other customizations like notehead shape

Note

Dynamics are not treated as symbols since they can also be used for playback

Example

>>> from maelzel.core import *
>>> n = Note(60)
>>> n.addSymbol(symbols.Articulation('accent'))
# The same can be achieved via keyword arguments:
>>> n.addSymbol(articulation='accent')
# Multiple symbols can be added at once:
>>> n = Note(60).addSymbol(text='dolce', articulation='tenuto')
>>> n2 = Note("4G").addSymbol(symbols.Articulation('accent'), symbols.Ornament('mordent'))
# Known symbols - most common symbols don't actually need keyword arguments:
>>> n = Note("4Db").addSymbol('accent').addSymbol('fermata')
# Some symbols can take customizations:
>>> n3 = Note("4C+:1/3").addSymbol(symbols.Harmonic(interval='4th'))

Return type:

Self

Returns:

self (similar to setPlay, allows to chain calls)

Symbol	Possible Values
text	any text
notehead	cross, harmonic, triangleup, xcircle, triangle, rhombus, square, rectangle
articulation	accent, staccato, tenuto, marcato, staccatissimo, etc.
size	A relative size (0=default, 1, 2, …=bigger, -1, -2, … = smaller)
color	a css color

addText(text, placement='above', italic=False, weight='normal', fontsize=None, fontfamily='', box='')

Add a text annotation to this object

This is a shortcut to self.addSymbol(symbols.Text(...)). Use that for in-depth customization.

Parameters:

• text (str) – the text annotation

• placement – where to place the annotation (‘above’, ‘below’)

• italic – if True, use italic as font style

• weight – ‘normal’ or ‘bold’

• fontsize (int | None) – the size of the annotation

• fontfamily – the font family to use. It is probably best to leave this unset

• box – the enclosure shape, or ‘’ for no box around the text. Possible shapes are ‘square’, ‘circle’, ‘rounded’

Return type:

Self

Returns:

self. This can be used to create an object and add text in one call

Example

>>> chain = Chain([
...     Note("4C", 1).addText('do'),
...     Note("4D", 1).addText('re')
... ])
>>> chain

asGrace(slash=False, stemless=False, value=None)

Return type:

Self

automate(param, breakpoints, interpolation='linear', relative=True)

Add an automation action to this event

Parameters:

• param (str) – the playback parameter to modify, either a builtin parameter like position, or an instrument defined parameter (for example, an instrument based on substractive synthesis could define a ‘filterattack’ parameter, or a vocal synthesis instrument could define a ‘vibratoamount’ parameter)

• breakpoints (list[tuple[Union[int, float, Fraction, tuple[int, Union[int, float, Fraction]]], float]] | list[tuple[Union[int, float, Fraction, tuple[int, Union[int, float, Fraction]]], float, str]] | list[Union[int, float, Fraction]]) – the data, a list of pairs in the form (time, value), or (time, value, interpolation). time is given in quarternotes or as a location (measure, beatoffset); value is any valid valud for the given parameter; interpolation is one of ‘linear’, ‘cos’. As a shortcut it is possible to also pass a flat list of the form [time0, value0, time1, value1, …]. A single point is also possible. This sets the value for the given param at the specified time

• interpolation – default interpolation used for breakpoints without interpolation

• relative – if True, the time positions are relative to the absolute offset of this event. If False, these times are absolute times

Return type:

None

Example

note = Note("4c", 10)

# Automate position starting at beat 5 after this event has started
note.automate('position', [(5, 0.), (6, 1.)], relative=True)

# The same data can be given as a flat list
note.automate('position', [5, 0., 6, 1.])

# Time position can be also given as a tuple (measure num, beat offset),
# and the time mode can be set to absolute
# In this case, this automation indicates a modification of the
# pan position, from 0 to 1 starting at the 4th measure (index 3) and
# ending at the 5th measure (index 4)
note.automate('position', [(3, 0), 0., (4, 0), 1.], relative=False)

Any dynamic parameter can be automated:

# Define a preset with some dynamic parameter

defPreset('detuned', '''
|kdetune=2|
    aout1 = oscili:a(kamp, kfreq) + oscili:a(kamp, kfreq+kdetune)
''')

# Automate the kdetune param. When automating a Note/Chord, the times
# are given in quarterbeats, which means that the real time in seconds
# depend on the tempo structure. In this case the kdetune param will
# be shifted from 0 to 20 starting at the moment the note is played
# and ending 4 **quarterbeats** after.
note.automate('kdetune', (0, 0, 4, 20))

# When the note is actually played the automation takes effect
synth = note.play(instr='detuned')

# The synth itself can be automated. In this case, we are already
# in the real-time realm and any times are given in seconds. If
# needed the active scorestruct can be used to convert between
# quarterbeats and seconds
synth.automate('position', (2, 0.5, 4, 1))

clone(**kws)

Clone this object, changing parameters if needed

Parameters:

**kws – any keywords passed to the constructor

Return type:

Self

Returns:

a clone of this object, with the given arguments changed

Example:

>>> from maelzel.core import *
>>> a = Note("C4+", dur=1)
>>> b = a.clone(dur=0.5)

copy()

Returns a copy of this object

Return type:

Self

cropped(start, end)

A copy of Self, cropped to the given time range

The returned event will have an explicit offset set to its absolute offset. It is parentless

Parameters:

• start (Union[int, float, Fraction, tuple[int, Union[int, float, Fraction]]]) – the start location to crop this event

• end (Union[int, float, Fraction, tuple[int, Union[int, float, Fraction]]]) – the end location to crop this event

Return type:

Self

Returns:

the cropped event

dump(indents=0, forcetext=False)

Prints all relevant information about this object

Parameters:

• indents – number of indents

• forcetext – if True, force text output via print instead of html even when running inside jupyter

durSecs()

Returns the duration in seconds according to the active score

Return type:

Fraction

Returns:

the duration of self in seconds

getConfig(prototype=None)

Returns a CoreConfig overloaded with options set for this object

Parameters:

prototype (Optional[CoreConfig]) – the config to use as prototype, falls back to the active config

Return type:

CoreConfig | None

Returns:

A clone of the active config with any customizations made via Voice.setConfig() or Voice.configQuantization() If no customizations have been made, None is returned

See also

• setConfig()

• configQuantization()

getPlay(key, default=None, recursive=True)

Get a playback attribute previously set via MObj.setPlay()

All locally set playback attributes are accessible via the MEvent.playargs attribute. This method checks not only the locally set attributes, but any attribute set by the parent

Parameters:

• key (str) – the key (see setPlay for possible keys)

• default – the value to return if the given key has not been set

• recursive – if True, search the given attribute up the parent chain

Returns:

either the value previously set, or default otherwise.

getProperty(key, default=None)

Get a property of this objects

An MObj can have multiple properties. A property is a key:value pair, where the key is a string and the value can be anything. Properties can be used to attach information to an object, to tag it in any way needed.

Properties are set via MObj.setProperty(). The MObj.properties attribute can be queries directly, but bear in mind that if no properties have been set, this attribute is ``None`` by default.

Parameters:

• key (str) – the property to query

• default – returned value if the property has not been set

Returns:

the value of the property, or the default value

See also

setProperty(), properties

getSymbol(classname)

Get a symbol of a given class, if present

This is only supported for symbol classes which are exclusive (notehead, color, ornament, etc.). For symbols like ‘articulation’, which can be present multiple times, query the symbols attribute directly (NB: symbols might be None if no symbols have been set):

if note.symbols:
    articulations = [s for s in note.symbols
                     if s.name == 'articulation']

Parameters:

classname (str) – the class of the symbol. Possible values are ‘articulation’, ‘text’, ‘notehead’, ‘color’, ‘ornament’, ‘fermata’, ‘notatedpitch’. See XXX (TODO) for a complete list

Return type:

_symbols.Symbol | None

Returns:

a symbol of the given class, or None

invertPitch(pivot)

Invert the pitch of this object

Parameters:

pivot (str | float | int) – the point around which to invert pitches

Return type:

Self

Returns:

the inverted object

>>> from maelzel.core import *
>>> series = Chain("4Bb 4E 4F# 4Eb 4F 4A 5D 5C# 4G 4G# 4B 5C".split())
>>> inverted = series.invertPitch("4F#")
>>> print(" ".join(_.name.ljust(4) for _ in series))
... print(" ".join(_.name.ljust(4) for _ in inverted))
4A#  4E   4F#  4D#  4F   4A   5D   5C#  4G   4G#  4B   5C
4D   4G#  4F#  4A   4G   4D#  3A#  3B   4F   4E   4C#  4C
>>> Score([series, inverted])

isGrace()

Is this a grace note?

A grace note has a pitch but no duration

Return type:

bool

Returns:

True if this can be considered a grace note

isLinkedNext()

Is this event linked to the next?

An event is linked to a next event if it is tied or has glissando set to True where this applies. This is not the case if the event has a gliss value set to other than True

Return type:

bool

isLinkedPrev()

Is this event linked to the previous?

This can only be assessed if this event is part of a container. A free standing event will always return False

Return type:

bool

isRest()

Is this a rest?

Return type:

bool

location()

Returns the location of this object within the active score struct

Return type:

tuple[location_t, location_t]

Returns:

a tuple (startlocation, endlocation) where both startlocation are tuples (measureindex, beatoffset) representing the position of this object within the score

Example

>>> setScoreStruct(timesig='3/4')
>>> note = Note("4C", 1, offset=5)
>>> note.location()
((1, Fraction(2, 1)), (2, Fraction(0, 1)))

The note starts at measure 1, beat 2 and ends at measure 2, beat 0 (both measures and beats start at 0)

meanPitch()

The mean pitch of this object

Return type:

float | None

Returns:

The mean pitch of this object

mergeWith(other)

Merge this with other, return None if not possible

Parameters:

other (MEvent) – the event to concatenato to this. Only events of the same type can be merged (a Note with a Note, a Chord with a Chord)

Return type:

Optional[Self]

Returns:

the merged event, or None

nextEvent()

Return the event next to self within the parent container

This only applies if self has a parent

Return type:

MEvent | None

Returns:

the next event within the parent container, or None

parentAbsOffset()

The absolute offset of the parent

Return type:

Fraction

Returns:

the absolute offset of the parent if this object has a parent, else 0

pitchRange()

The pitch range of this object, if applicable

This is useful in order to assign this object to a proper Voice when distributing objects among voices

Return type:

tuple[float, float] | None

Returns:

either None or a tuple (lowest pitch, highest pitch)

pitchTransform(pitchmap)

Apply a pitch-transform to this object, returns a copy

Parameters:

pitchmap (_t.Callable[[float], float]) – a function mapping pitch to pitch

Return type:

Self

Returns:

the object after the transform

play(instr='', delay=None, args=None, gain=None, chan=None, pitchinterpol='', fade=None, fadeshape='', position=None, skip=None, end=None, whenfinished=None, sustain=None, workspace=None, transpose=0, config=None, display=False, **kwargs)

Plays this object.

Play is always asynchronous (to block, use some sleep funcion). By default, play() schedules this event to be renderer in realtime.

Note

To record events offline, see the example below

Parameters:

• gain (float | None) – modifies the own amplitude for playback/recording (0-1)

• delay (float | None) – delay in seconds, added to the start of the object As opposed to the .offset attribute of each object, which is defined in symbolic (beat) time, the delay is always in real (seconds) time. Delay can be negative, in which case synth events start the given amount of seconds earlier.

• instr – which instrument to use (see defPreset, definedPresets). Use “?” to select from a list of defined presets.

• chan (int | None) – the channel to output to. Channels start at 1

• pitchinterpol – ‘linear’, ‘cos’, ‘freqlinear’, ‘freqcos’

• fade (float | tuple[float, float] | None) – fade duration in seconds, can be a tuple (fadein, fadeout)

• fadeshape – ‘linear’ | ‘cos’

• args (dict[str, float] | None) – arguments passed to the note. A dict {paramName: value}

• position (float | None) – the panning position (0=left, 1=right)

• skip (float | None) – amount of time (in quarternotes) to skip. Allows to play a fragment of the object (NB: this trims the playback of the object. Use delay to offset the playback in time while keeping the playback time unmodified)

• end (float | None) – end time of playback. Allows to play a fragment of the object by trimming the end of the playback

• sustain (float | None) – a time added to the playback events to facilitate overlapping/legato between notes, or to allow one-shot samples to play completely without being cropped.

• workspace (Workspace | None) – a Workspace. If given, overrides the current workspace. It’s scorestruct is used to to determine the mapping between beat-time and real-time.

• transpose (float) – add a transposition interval to the pitch of this object

• config (CoreConfig | None) – if given, overrides the current config

• whenfinished (_t.Callable | None) – function to be called when the playback is finished. Only applies to realtime rendering

• display – if True and running inside Jupyter, display the resulting synth’s html

Return type:

csoundengine.synth.SynthGroup

Returns:

A SynthGroup

See also

• synthEvents()

• MObj.rec()

• render(),

• play()

Example

Play a note

>>> from maelzel.core import *
>>> note = Note(60).play(gain=0.1, chan=2)

Play multiple objects synchronised

>>> play(
... Note(60, 1.5).synthEvents(gain=0.1, position=0.5)
... Chord("4E 4G", 2, start=1.2).synthEvents(instr='piano')
... )

Or using play as a context managger:

>>> with play():
...     Note(60, 1.5).play(gain=0.1, position=0.5)
...     Chord("4E 4G", 2, start=1.2).play(instr='piano')
...     ...

Render offline

>>> with render("out.wav", sr=44100) as r:
...     Note(60, 5).play(gain=0.1, chan=2)
...     Chord("4E 4G", 3).play(instr='piano')

plot(axes=None, figsize=(15, 5), timeSignatures=True, grid=True, **kws)

Plot this object

To see all supported options, see maelzel.core.plotting.plotVoices()

Parameters:

• axes (Axes | None) – use this Axes, if given

• figsize (tuple[int, int]) – figure size of the plot, if not axes is given (otherwise uses the figure corresponding to the given axes)

• timeSignatures – draw time signatures

• grid – draw a grid

• kws – passed to maelzel.core.plotting.plotVoices

Return type:

Axes

Returns:

the axes used

previousEvent()

Return the event previous to self

This only applies if self has a parent

Return type:

MEvent | None

Returns:

the previous event within the parent container, or None

quantizePitch(step=0.0)

Returns a new object, with pitch rounded to step

Parameters:

step – quantization step, in semitones. A value of 0 used the default semitone division in the active config (can be configured via getConfig()['semitoneDivisions']

Return type:

Self

Returns:

a copy of self with the pitch quantized

quantizedScore(scorestruct=None, config=None, quantizationProfile=None, enharmonicOptions=None, nestedTuplets=None)

Returns a QuantizedScore representing this object

Parameters:

• scorestruct (ScoreStruct | None) – if given it will override the scorestructure active for this object

• config (CoreConfig | None) – if given will override the active config

• quantizationProfile (str | quant.QuantizationProfile | None) – if given it is used to customize the quantization process. Otherwise, a profile is constructed based on the config. It is also possible to pass the name of a quantization preset (possible values: ‘lowest’, ‘low’, ‘medium’, ‘high’, ‘highest’, see maelzel.scoring.quant.QuantizationProfile.fromPreset())

• enharmonicOptions (enharmonics.EnharmonicOptions | None) – if given it is used to customize enharmonic respelling. Otherwise, the enharmonic options used for respelling are constructed based on the config

• nestedTuplets (bool | None) – if given, overloads the config value ‘quant.nestedTuplets’. This is used to disallow nested tuplets, mainly for rendering musicxml since there are some music editors (MuseScore, for example) which fail to import nested tuplets. This can be set at the config level as getConfig()['quant.nestedTuplets'] = False

Return type:

quant.QuantizedScore

Returns:

a quantized score. To render such a quantized score as notation call its render() method

A QuantizedScore contains a list of QuantizedParts, which each consists of list of QuantizedMeasures. To access the recursive notation structure of each measure call its asTree() method

rec(outfile='', sr=0, verbose=None, wait=None, nchnls=None, instr='', delay=None, args=None, gain=None, position=None, extratime=None, workspace=None, **kws)

Record the output of .play as a soundfile

Parameters:

• outfile – the outfile where sound will be recorded. Can be None, in which case a filename will be generated. Use ‘?’ to open a save dialog

• sr (int) – the sampling rate (config key: ‘rec.sr’)

• wait (bool | None) – if True, the operation blocks until recording is finishes (config ‘rec.block’)

• nchnls (int | None) – if given, use this as the number of channels to record.

• gain (float | None) – modifies the own amplitude for playback/recording (0-1)

• delay (float | None) – delay in seconds, added to the start of the object As opposed to the .start attribute of each object, which is defined in symbolic (beat) time, the delay is always in real (seconds) time

• instr – which instrument to use (see defPreset, definedPresets). Use “?” to select from a list of defined presets.

• args (dict[str, float] | None) – named arguments passed to the note. A dict {paramName: value}

• position (float | None) – the panning position (0=left, 1=right)

• workspace (Workspace | None) – if given it overrides the active workspace

• extratime (float | None) – extratime added to the recording (config key: ‘rec.extratime’)

• verbose (bool | None) – if True, display synthesis output

• **kws – any keyword passed to .play

Return type:

offline.OfflineRenderer

Returns:

the offline renderer used. If no outfile was given it is possible to access the renderer soundfile via OfflineRenderer.lastOutfile()

Example

>>> from maelzel.core import *
>>> # a simple note
>>> chord = Chord("4C 4E 4G", dur=8).setPlay(gain=0.1, instr='piano')
>>> renderer = chord.rec(wait=True)
>>> renderer.lastOutfile()
'/home/testuser/.local/share/maelzel/recordings/tmpashdas.wav'

See also

OfflineRenderer

relEnd()

Resolved end of this object, relative to its parent

An object’s offset can be explicit (set in the .offset attributes) or implicit, as calculated from the context of the parent. For example, inside a Chain, the offset of an event depends on the offsets and durations of the objects preceding it.

Note

To calculate the absolute end of an object, use obj.absOffset() + obj.dur

Return type:

Fraction

Returns:

the resolved end of this object, relative to its parent. If this object has no parent, the relative end and the absolute end are the same

See also

MObj.relOffset(), MObj.absOffset()

relOffset()

Resolve the offset of this object, relative to its parent

If this object has no parent the offset is an absolute offset.

The .offset attribute holds the explicit offset. If this attribute is unset (None) this object might ask its parent to determine the offset based on the durations of any previous objects

Return type:

Fraction

Returns:

the offset, in quarter notes. If no explicit or implicit offset and the object has no parent it returns 0.

See also

absOffset()

remap(deststruct, sourcestruct=None)

Creates a clone, remapping times from source scorestruct to destination scorestruct

The absolute time remains the same

Parameters:

• deststruct (ScoreStruct) – the destination scorestruct

• sourcestruct (ScoreStruct | None) – the source scorestructure, or None to use the resolved scoresturct

Return type:

Self

Returns:

a clone of self remapped to the destination scorestruct

render(backend='', renderoptions=None, scorestruct=None, config=None, quantizationProfile='')

Renders this object as notation

First the object is quantized to abstract notation, then it is passed to the backend to render it for the specific format (lilypond, musicxml, …), which is then used to generate a document (pdf, png, …)

Parameters:

• backend – the backend to use, one of ‘lilypond’, ‘musicxml’. If not given, defaults to the config key ‘show.backend’

• renderoptions (RenderOptions | None) – the render options to use. If not given, these are generated from the active config

• scorestruct (ScoreStruct | None) – if given, overrides the scorestruct set within the active Workspace and any scorestruct attached to this object

• config (CoreConfig | None) – if given, overrides the active config

• quantizationProfile (str | quant.QuantizationProfile) – if given, it is used to customize the quantization process and will override any config option related to quantization. A QuantizationProfile can be created from a config via maelzel.core.config.CoreConfig.makeQuantizationProfileFromPreset().

Return type:

Renderer

Returns:

a scoring.Renderer. This can be used to write the rendered structure to an image (png, pdf) or as a musicxml or lilypond file.

Example

>>> from maelzel.core import *
>>> voice = Voice(...)
# Render with the settings defined in the config
>>> voice.render()
# Customize the rendering process
>>> from maelzel.scoring.renderer import RenderOptions
>>> from maelzel.scoring.quant import QuantizationProfile
>>> quantprofile = QuantizationProfile.simple(
...     possibleDivisionsByTempo={80: []
...     })

resolveDynamic()

Resolve the dynamic at the given note

Return type:

str

Returns:

either the dynamic of this Note or the dynamic active at the parent at the offset of this event (can be an empty string if no dynamic active)

root()

The root of this object or None if this object has no parent

Return type:

MContainer | None

Returns:

the root which contains this object

scorestruct()

Returns the ScoreStruct active for this obj or its parent (recursively)

If this object has no parent None is returned. Use activeScorestruct() to always resolve the active struct for this object

Return type:

ScoreStruct | None

Returns:

the associated scorestruct, if set (either directly or through its parent)

Example

>>> from maelzel.core import *
>>> n = Note("4C", 1)
>>> voice = Voice([n])
>>> score = Score([voice])
>>> score.setScoreStruct(ScoreStruct(timesig=(3, 4), tempo=72))
>>> n.scorestruct()
ScoreStruct(timesig=(3, 4), tempo=72)

See also

activeScorestruct()

scoringEvents(groupid='', config=None, parentOffset=None)

Returns its notated form as scoring.Notations

These can then be converted into notation via some of the available backends: musicxml or lilypond

Parameters:

• groupid – passed by an object higher in the hierarchy to mark this objects as belonging to a group

• config (Optional[CoreConfig]) – a configuration to customize rendering

• parentOffset (Optional[Fraction]) – if given this should be the absolute offset of this object’s parent

Return type:

list[Notation]

Returns:

A list of scoring.Notation which best represent this object as notation

scoringParts(config=None)

Returns this object as a list of scoring UnquantizedParts.

Parameters:

config (Optional[CoreConfig]) – if given, this config instead of the active config will be used

Return type:

list[UnquantizedPart]

Returns:

a list of unquantized parts

This method is used internally to generate the parts which constitute a given MObj prior to rendering, but might be of use itself so it is exposed here.

An maelzel.scoring.UnquantizedPart is an intermediate format used by the scoring package to represent notated events. It represents a list of non-simultaneous Notations, unquantized and independent of any score structure

setPlay(**kws)

Set any playback attributes, returns self

Parameters:

**kws – any argument passed to play() (delay, dur, chan, gain, fade, instr, pitchinterpol, fadeshape, params, priority, position).

Return type:

Self

Returns:

self. This allows to chain this to any constructor (see example)

Attribute	Type	Descr
instr	str	The instrument preset to use
delay	float	Delay in seconds, added to the start of the object
chan	int	The channel to output to, channels start at 1
fade	float	The fade time; can also be a tuple (fadein, fadeout)
fadeshape	str	One of ‘linear’, ‘cos’, ‘scurve’
pitchinterpol	str	One of ‘linear’, ‘cos’, ‘freqlinear’, ‘freqcos’
gain	float	A gain factor applied to the amplitud of this object. Dynamic argument (kgain)
position	float	Dynamic argument. Panning position (0=left, 1=right). Dynamic argument (kpos)
skip	float	Skip time of playback; allows to play a fragment of the object. Time in beats relative to the start of the object NB: set the delay to the -skip to start playback at the original time but from the timepoint specified by the skip param
end	float	End time of playback, in beats, relative to the start of the object; counterpart of skip, allow to trim playback of the object
sustain	float	An extra sustain time, in seconds. This is useful for sample based instruments
transpose	float	Transpose the pitch of this object only for playback
glisstime	float	The duration (in beats) of the glissando for events with glissando. A short glisstime can be used for legato playback in non-percusive instruments. Implies gliss. to the next event.
priority	int	The order of evaluation. Events scheduled with a higher priority are evaluated later in the chain
args	dict	Named arguments passed to the playback instrument
gliss	float/ bool	An object can be set to have a playback only gliss. It is equivalent to having a gliss., but the gliss is not displayed as notation.

Example:

# a piano note
>>> from maelzel.core import *
# Create a note with predetermined instr and panning position
>>> note = Note("C4+25", dur=0.5).setPlay(instr="piano", position=1)
# When .play is called, the note will play with the preset instr and position
>>> note.play()

See also

MObj.addSymbol, MObj.playargs

setProperty(key, value)

Set a property, returns self

An MObj can have user-defined properties. These properties are optional: before any property is created the .properties attribute is None. This method creates the dict if it is still None and sets the property.

Parameters:

• key (str) – the key to set

• value – the value of the property

Return type:

Self

Returns:

self (similar to setPlay or setSymbol, to allow for chaining calls)

Example

>>> from maelzel.core import *
>>> n = Note("4C", 1)
>>> n.setProperty('foo', 'bar')
4C:1♩
>>> # To query a property do:
>>> n.getProperty('foo')
bar
>>> # Second Method: query the properties attribute directly.
>>> # WARNING: if no properties were set, this attribute would be None
>>> if n.properties:
...     foo = n.properties.get('foo')
...     print(foo)
bar

See also

getProperty(), properties

show(fmt='', external=None, backend='', scorestruct=None, resolution=0, pageSize='', staffSize=None, cents=None, voiceMaxStaves=None, **kws)

Show this as notation.

Parameters:

• external (bool | None) – True to force opening the image in an external image viewer, even when inside a jupyter notebook. If False, show will display the image inline if inside a notebook environment. To change the default, modify config[‘openImagesInExternalApp’]

• backend – backend used when rendering to png/pdf. One of ‘lilypond’, ‘musicxml’. If not given, use default (see config[‘show.backend’])

• fmt – one of ‘png’, ‘pdf’, ‘ly’. None to use default.

• scorestruct (ScoreStruct | None) – if given overrides the current/default score structure

• resolution (int) – dpi resolution when rendering to an image, overrides the config key ‘show.pngResolution’

• pageSize – if given, overrides config ‘show.pageSize’. One of ‘a3’, ‘a4’, …

• staffSize (float | None) – if given, overrides config ‘show.staffSize’. A value in points (default = 10.)

• cents (bool | None) – overrides config ‘show.cents’. False to hide cents deviations as text annotation

• voiceMaxStaves (int | None) – overrides config ‘show.voiceMaxStaves’. Max. number of staves used when expanding a voice to multiple staves

• kws – any keyword is used to override the config. All options starting with the ‘show.’ prefix can be used directly (see below)

Return type:

None

Useful keywords

kws	Config Option	Description
staffSize	show.staffSize	Size of a staff, in points
spacing	show.spacing	One of normal (traditional spacing), strict (proportional), uniform (proportional)
voiceMaxStaves	show.voiceMaxStaves	Expands any voice to at most this number of staves
autoClefChanges	show.autoClefChanges	Adds automatic clef changes when rendering
clefSimplify	show.clefSimplify	Simplifies automatic clef changes
cents	show.cents	set to False to avoid showing cents deviations as text annotation
glissStemless	show.glissStemless	remove stems from the end note of a gliss
horizontalSpace	show.horizontalSpace	configure proportional spacing (one of “default”, “small”, “medium”, “large”)
pageOrientation	show.pageOrientation	one of “landscape”, “portrait”
pageSize	show.pageSize	one of “a4”, “a3”, …

splitAt(offset, tie=True, nomerge=False)

Split this event at the given absolute offset

Parameters:

• offset (Union[int, float, Fraction, tuple[int, Union[int, float, Fraction]]]) – the absolute offset (in beats) at which to split this event. Can be a beat or a location as a tuple (measureindex, beatoffset).

• tie – tie the parts. The returned events are tied.

• nomerge – if True, adds a break symbol to the events resulted in the split operation to prevent them from being merged when converted to notation.

Return type:

tuple[Self, ...]

Returns:

a tuple with the parts. If the offset lies at the start or end of this event, only one part will be returned. The returned events are parentless.

Raises:

ValueError – if the offset does not intersect this event

Example

>>> n = Note(60, 4)
>>> n.splitAt(2)
(4C~:2♩, 4C:2♩)

>>> n = Note(60, 3.5)
>>> notes = n.splitAt(1.8)
>>> notes[1].addSymbol('>')
>>> Chain(notes)

splitAtOffsets(offsets, tie=True, nomerge=False)

Split this event at the given offsets

Parameters:

• offsets (list[Union[int, float, Fraction, tuple[int, Union[int, float, Fraction]]]]) – absolute offsets. To use score locations, convert those to absolute offsets via scorestruct.locationToBeat

• tie – if True, tie the parts

• nomerge – if True, adds a break symbol to the events resulted in the split operation to prevent them from being merged when converted to notation

Return type:

list[Self]

Returns:

the parts. The total duration of the parts should sum up to the duration of self

synthEvents(instr='', delay=None, args=None, gain=None, chan=None, pitchinterpol='', fade=None, fadeshape='', position=None, skip=None, end=None, sustain=None, workspace=None, transpose=0.0, **kwargs)

Returns the SynthEvents needed to play this object

All these attributes here can be set previously via playargs (or using setPlay())

Parameters:

• gain (Optional[float]) – modifies the own amplitude for playback/recording (0-1)

• delay (Optional[float]) – delay in seconds, added to the start of the object As opposed to the .offset attribute of each object, which is defined in quarternotes, the delay is always in seconds. It can be negative, in which case synth events start the given amount of seconds earlier.

• instr – which instrument to use (see defPreset, definedPresets). Use “?” to select from a list of defined presets.

• chan (Optional[int]) – the channel to output to. Channels start at 1

• pitchinterpol – ‘linear’, ‘cos’, ‘freqlinear’, ‘freqcos’

• fade (Union[float, tuple[float, float], None]) – fade duration in seconds, can be a tuple (fadein, fadeout)

• fadeshape – ‘linear’ | ‘cos’

• args (Optional[dict[str, float]]) – named arguments passed to the note. A dict {paramName: value}

• position (Optional[float]) – the panning position (0=left, 1=right)

• skip (Optional[float]) – start playback at the given beat (in quarternotes), relative to the start of the object. Allows to play a fragment of the object (NB: this trims the playback of the object. Use delay to offset the playback in time while keeping the playback time unmodified)

• end (Optional[float]) – end time of playback, in quarternotes. Allows to play a fragment of the object by trimming the end of the playback

• sustain (Optional[float]) – a time added to the playback events to facilitate overlapping/legato between notes, or to allow one-shot samples to play completely without being cropped.

• workspace (Optional[Workspace]) – a Workspace. If given, overrides the current workspace. It’s scorestruct is used to determine the mapping between beat-time and real-time.

• transpose (float) – an interval to transpose any pitch

Return type:

list[SynthEvent]

Returns:

A list of SynthEvents (see SynthEvent)

Example

>>> from maelzel.core import *
>>> n = Note(60, dur=1).setPlay(instr='piano')
>>> n.synthEvnets(gain=0.5)
[SynthEvent(delay=0.000, gain=0.5, chan=1, fade=(0.02, 0.02), instr=piano)
 bps 0.000s:  60, 1.000000
     1.000s:  60, 1.000000]
>>> play(n.synthEvents(chan=2))

timeRange()

Returns a tuple (starttime, endtime), in seconds

Return type:

tuple[Fraction, Fraction]

Returns:

a tuple (starttime: F, endtime: F), where starttime and endtime are both absolute times in seconds

timeScale(factor, offset=Fraction(0, 1))

Create a copy with modified timing by applying a linear transformation

Parameters:

• factor (num_t) – a factor which multiplies all durations and start times

• offset (num_t) – an offset added to all start times

Return type:

Self

Returns:

the modified object

timeShift(offset)

Return a copy of this object with an added offset

Parameters:

offset (time_t) – a delta time added

Return type:

Self

Returns:

a copy of this object shifted in time by the given amount

timeShiftInPlace(offset)

Shift the time of this by the given offset (inplace)

Parameters:

offset (time_t) – the time delta (in quarterNotes)

Return type:

None

timeTransform(timemap, inplace=False)

Apply a transformation to the time axes of this event

Parameters:

• timemap (Callable[[Fraction], Fraction]) – a callable mapping time (in quarterbeats) to time (in quarterbeats)

• inplace – transform the object in place

Return type:

Self

Returns:

the transformed object, or self if inplace is True

transpose(interval)

Transpose this object by the given interval

Parameters:

interval (int | float) – the interval in semitones

Return type:

Self

Returns:

the transposed object

transposeByRatio(ratio)

Transpose this by a given frequency ratio, if applicable

A ratio of 2 equals to transposing an octave higher.

Parameters:

ratio (float) – the ratio to transpose by

Return type:

Self

Returns:

a copy of this object, transposed by the given ratio

Example

>>> from maelzel.core import *
>>> n = Note("4C")
# A transposition by a ratio of 2 results in a pitch an octave higher
>>> n.transposeByRatio(2)
5C

unquantizedScore(title='')

Create a maelzel.scoring.UnquantizedScore from this object

Parameters:

title – the title of the resulting score (if given)

Return type:

UnquantizedScore

Returns:

the Arrangement representation of this object

An UnquantizedScore is a list of UnquantizedPart, which is itself a list of Notation. It represents a score in which the Notations within each part are not split into measures, nor organized in beats. To generate a quantized score see quantizedScore()

This method is mostly used internally when an object is asked to be represented as a score. In this case, an UnquantizedScore is created first, which is then quantized, generating a QuantizedScore

See also

quantizedScore(), QuantizedScore

withExplicitOffset(forcecopy=False)

Copy of self with explicit times

If self already has explicit offset and duration, self itself is returned. If you relie on the fact that this method returns a copy, use forcecopy=True

Parameters:

forcecopy – if forcecopy, a copy of self will be returned even if self already has explicit times

Return type:

Self

Returns:

a clone of self with explicit times

Example

>>> n = None("4C", dur=0.5)
>>> n
4C:0.5♩
>>> n.offset is None
True
# An unset offset resolves to 0
>>> n.withExplicitTimes()
4C:0.5♩:offset=0
# An unset duration resolves to 1 quarternote beat
>>> Note("4C", offset=2.5).withExplicitTimes()
4C:1♩:offset=2.5

write(outfile, backend='', resolution=0, format='')

Export to multiple formats

Formats supported: pdf, png, musicxml (extension: .xml or .musicxml), lilypond (.ly), midi (.mid or .midi) and pickle

To configure any options either modify the active config or use setConfig() for self. You can also use a config as context manager to temporary change the active config

Parameters:

• outfile (str) – the path of the output file. The extension determines the format. Formats available are pdf, png, lilypond, musicxml, midi, csd and pickle.

• backend – the backend used when writing as pdf or png. If not given, the default defined in the active config is used (key: ‘show.backend’). Possible backends: lilypond; musicxml (uses MuseScore to render musicxml as image so MuseScore needs to be installed)

• resolution (int) – image DPI (only valid if rendering to an image) - overrides the config key ‘show.pngResolution’

• format – the format to write to. If not given, the format is inferred from the extension of the output file. If the extension is not recognized, an error is raised. One of ‘pdf’, ‘png’, ‘lilypond’, ‘musicxml’, ‘midi’, ‘csd’, ‘pickle’.

Return type:

None

Formats

• pdf, png: will render the object as notation and save that to the given format

• lilypond: .ly extension. Will render the object as notation and save it as lilypond text

• midi: .mid or .midi extension. At the moment this is done via lilypond, so the midi

  produced follows the quantization process used for rendering to notation. Notice that midi cannot reproduce many features of a maelzel object, like microtones, and many complex rhythms will not be translated correctly

• pickle: the object is serialized using the pickle module. This allows to load it

  via pickle.load: myobj = pickle.load(open('myobj.pickle'))

Example

chain = Chain(...)
with CoreConfig({'show.voiceMaxStaves': 2, 'show.staffSize': 12}):
    chain.write('chain.pdf')