Workspace

A workspace contains the current state: the active config, the active scorestrucutre, a playback engine, etc. Many actions, like note playback, notation rendering, etc., use the active workspace to determine tempo, score structure, default playback instrument, etc.

Contents

• The active workspace

• Parts of a Workspace

  • Active Config

  • Environment

  • Dynamics

• Testing Dynamics: Berio’s “O King”

from maelzel.core import *
from IPython.display import display

The active workspace

To customize a Workspace for a specific task there are three slightly different methods:

1. Modify the active Workspace

We modify the workspace by setting a new configuration

w = getWorkspace()
config = w.config.clone({
    'play.numChannels': 4,
    'show.pngResolution': 300,
    'quant.complexity': 'high'
})
w.config = config

2. Create a new Workspace with the needed customizations

w = Workspace(scorestruct=ScoreStruct(timesig=(3, 4), tempo=72),
              updates={'play.numChannels': 4,
                       'show.pngResolution': 300,
                       'quant.complexity': 'high'})
w.activate()

Workspace(scorestruct=ScoreStruct(tempo=72, timesig=(3, 4)), config={'show.pngResolution': 300, 'play.numChannels': 4}, dynamicCurve=DynamicCurve(shape=expon(0.3), mindb=-60.0, maxdb=0.0))

3. Temporary Workspace (as context manager)

with Workspace(scorestruct=ScoreStruct(timesig=(3, 4), tempo=72)):
    scale = Chain(Note(m, dur=0.5) for m in range(60, 72))
    display(scale)
    display(scale.rec(instr='.piano', nchnls=1))

Chain([4C:0.5♩, 4C#:0.5♩, 4D:0.5♩, 4D#:0.5♩, 4E:0.5♩, 4F:0.5♩, 4F#:0.5♩, 4G:0.5♩, 4G#:0.5♩, 4A:0.5♩, …], dur=6)

OfflineRenderer(outfile="/home/em/.local/share/maelzel/recordings/rec-2023-03-27T20:46:25.930.wav", 1 channels, 5.02 secs, 44100 Hz)

---

Parts of a Workspace

The workspace bundles the different elements which determine playback, notation and general behaviour of maelzel.core

• .config: holds the active configuration

• .scorestruct: the active score structure

• .dynamicsCurve: determines the mapping between amplitude and musical dynamic. This is used for playback and transcription

• .a4: the reference frequency for A4

• .renderer: used internally when rendering offline. When an object (note, chord, voice, …) is played it uses this attribute to check how to route the generated playback events

The active Config

The .config attribute of the active Workspace holds the active configuration. This is a subclass of dict and holds defaults and customizations regarding playback, notation, etc

config = w.config
assert config is getConfig()

config

CoreConfig: maelzel:core

Key	Value	Type	Descr
A4	442	between 10 - 10000	Freq. of the Kammerton A4. Normal values are 440, 442, 443 or 432 for old tuning, but any 'fantasy' value can be used
splitAcceptableDeviation	4	type: int	When splitting notes between staves, notes within this range of the split point will be grouped together if they all fit
chordAdjustGain	True	type: bool	Adjust the gain of a chord according to the number of notes, to prevent clipping
reprShowFreq	False	type: bool	Show frequency when printing a Note in the console
semitoneDivisions	4	{1, 2, 4}	The number of divisions per semitone (2=quarter-tones, 4=eighth-tones)
musescorepath		type: str	The command to use when calling MuseScore. For macOS users: it must be an absolute path pointing to the actual binary inside the .app bundle
reprShowFractionsAsFloat	True	type: bool	All time offsets and durations are kept as rational numbers to avoid rounding errors. If this option is True, these fractions are printed as floats in order to make them more readable.
jupyterHtmlRepr	True	type: bool	If True, output html inside jupyter as part of the _repr_html_ hook. Under certain circumstances (for example, when generating documentation from a notebook) this html might result in style conflict. Setting in False will just output plain text
fixStringNotenames	False	type: bool	If True, pitches given as string notenames are fixed at the spelling given at creation. Otherwise pitches might be respelled to match their context for better readability. Pitches given as midi notes or frequencies are always respelled
openImagesInExternalApp	False	type: bool	Force opening images with an external tool, even when inside a Jupyter notebook
enharmonic.horizontalWeight	1	type: int	The weight of the horizontal dimension (note sequences) when evaluating an enharmonic variant
enharmonic.verticalWeight	0.01	type: float	The weight of the vertical dimension (chords within a voice) when evaluating an enharmonic variant
enharmonic.debug	False	type: bool	If True, print debug information while calculating automatic enharmonic spelling
enharmonic.threeQuarterMicrotonePenalty	20	type: int	None
show.arpeggiateChord	auto	{auto, False, True}	Arpeggiate notes of a chord when showing. In auto mode, only arpeggiate when needed
show.lastBreakpointDur	0.125	between 0.015625 - 1	Dur of a note representing the end of a line/gliss, which has no totalDuration per se
show.centsDeviationAsTextAnnotation	True	type: bool	show cents deviation as text when rendering notation
show.centsAnnotationFontSize	8	type: int	Font size used for cents annotations
show.centSep	,	type: str	Separator used when displaying multiple cents deviation (in a chord)
show.scaleFactor	1.0	type: float	Affects the size of the generated image when using png format
show.staffSize	12.0	type: float	The size of a staff, in points
show.backend	lilypond	{lilypond, music21}	method/backend used when rendering notation
show.format	png	{pdf, png, repr}	Used when no explicit format is passed to .show
show.cacheImages	True	type: bool	If True, cache rendered images. Set it to False for debugging. call `resetImageCache()` to reset manually
show.arpeggioDuration	0.5	type: float	Duration used for individual notes when rendering a chord as arpeggio
show.labelFontSize	10.0	type: float	Font size to use for labels
show.pageOrientation	portrait	{landscape, portrait}	Page orientation when rendering to pdf
show.pageSize	a4	{a2, a3, a4}	The page size when rendering to pdf
show.pageMarginMillimeters	4	between 0 - 1000	The page margin in mm
show.glissEndStemless	False	type: bool	When the end pitch of a gliss. is shown as gracenote, make this stemless
show.glissHideTiedNotes	True	type: bool	Hide tied notes which are part of a glissando
show.glissLineThickness	2	{1, 2, 3, 4}	Line thikness when rendering glissandi. The value is abstract and it isup to the renderer to interpret it
show.lilypondPngStaffsizeScale	1.5	type: float	A factor applied to the staffsize when rendering to png via lilypond. Useful if rendered images appear too small in a jupyter notebook
show.lilypondGlissandoMinimumLength	5	type: int	The minimum length of a glissando in points. Increase this value if glissando linesare not shown or are too short (this might be the case within the context of dottednotes or accidentals)
show.pngResolution	300	{100, 200, 300, 600, 1200} | default: 200	DPI used when rendering to png
show.measureAnnotationStyle	box=square; fontsize=12	type: str	None
show.respellPitches	True	type: bool	If True, try to find a suitable enharmonic representation of pitches whichhave not been fixed already by the user. Otherwise the canonical form of eachpitch is used, independent of the context
show.horizontalSpacing	medium	{default, large, medium, small, xlarge}	Hint for the renderer to adjust horizontal spacing. The actual result depends on the backend and the format used.
show.fillDynamicFromAmplitude	False	type: bool	If True, when rendering notation, if an object has an amplitude and does not have an explicit dynamic, add a dynamic according to the amplitude
show.jupyterMaxImageWidth	1000	type: int	A max. width in pixels for images displayed in a jupyter notebook
show.hideRedundantDynamics	True	type: bool	Hide redundant dynamics within a voice
show.asoluteOffsetForDetachedObjects	False	type: bool	When showing an object which has a parent but is shown detached from it, shouldthe absolute offset be used?
show.voiceMaxStaves	1	between 1 - 4	The maximum number of staves per voice when showing a Voice as notation. A voiceis a sequence of non-simultaneous events (notes, chords, etc.) but these canbe exploded over multiple staves (for example, a chord might expand across awide range and would need multiple extra lines in any clef
show.clipNoteheadShape	square	{, cluster, cross, diamond, harmonic, normal, rectangle, rhombus, slash, square, triangle, xcircle}	Notehead shape to use for clips
play.gain	1.0	between 0 - 1	Default gain used when playing/recording
play.engineName	maelzel.core	type: str	Name of the play engine used
play.instr	sin	type: str	Default instrument used for playback. A list of available instruments can be queried via `availableInstrs`. New instrument presets can be defined via `defPreset`
play.fade	0.02	type: float	default fade time
play.fadeShape	cos	{cos, linear, scurve}	Curve-shape used for fading in/out
play.pitchInterpolation	linear	{cos, linear}	Curve shape for interpolating between pitches
play.numChannels	4	between 1 - 128 | default: 2	Default number of channels (channels can be set explicitely when calling startPlayEngine
play.unschedFadeout	0.05	type: float	fade out when stopping a note
play.backend	default	{alsa, auhal, default, jack, pa_cb, portaudio, pulse}	backend used for playback
play.defaultAmplitude	1.0	between 0 - 1	The amplitude of a Note/Chord when an amplitude is needed and the object has an undefined amplitude. This is only used if play.useDynamics if False
play.defaultDynamic	f	{f, ff, fff, ffff, mf, mp, p, pp, ppp, pppp}	THe dynamic of a Note/Chord when a dynamic is needed. This is only used if play.useDynamics is True. Any event with an amplitude will use that amplitude instead
play.generalMidiSoundfont		type: str	Path to a soundfont (sf2 file) with a general midi mapping
play.soundfontAmpDiv	16384	type: int	A divisor used to scale the amplitude of soundfonts to a range 0-1
play.soundfontInterpolation	linear	{cubic, linear}	Interpolation used when reading sample data from a soundfont.
play.schedLatency	0.05	type: float	Added latency when scheduling events to ensure time precission
play.verbose	False	type: bool	If True, outputs extra debugging information regarding playback
play.useDynamics	True	type: bool	If True, any note/chord with a set dynamic will use that to modify its playback amplitude if no explicit amplitude is set
play.waitAfterStart	0.5	type: float	How much to wait for the sound engine to be operational after starting it
play.gracenoteDuration	1/14	type: (int, float, str)	Duration assigned to a gracenote for playback (in quarternotes)
rec.blocking	True	type: bool	Should recording be blocking or should be done async?
rec.sr	44100	{44100, 48000, 88200, 96000, 144000, 176400, 192000, 352800, 384000}	Sample rate used when rendering offline
rec.ksmps	64	{1, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256}	Samples per cycle when rendering offline (passed as ksmps to csound)
rec.numChannels	2	between 1 - 128	The default number of channels when rendering to disk
rec.path		type: str	path used to save output files when rendering offline. If not given the default can be queried via `recordPath`
rec.quiet	True	type: bool	Supress debug output when calling csound as a subprocess
rec.compressionBitrate	224	type: int	default bitrate to use when encoding to ogg or mp3
htmlTheme	light	{dark, light}	Theme used when displaying html inside jupyter
quant.minBeatFractionAcrossBeats	0.5	type: float	when merging durations across beats, a merged totalDuration cannot be smaller than this totalDuration. This is to prevent joining durations across beats which might result in high rhythmic complexity
quant.nestedTuplets	None	{False, None, True}	Are nested tuples allowed when quantizing? Not all display backends support nested tuples (musescore, used to render musicxml has no support for nested tuples). If None, this flag is determined based on the complexity preset (quant.complexity)
quant.breakSyncopationsLevel	weak	{all, none, strong, weak}	Level at which to break syncopations, one of "all" (break all syncopations), "weak (break only syncopations over secondary beats)", "strong" (break syncopations at strong beats) or "none" (do not break any syncopations)
quant.complexity	high	{high, highest, low, lowest, medium}	Controls the allowed complexity in the notation. The higher the complexity, the more accurate the quantization, at the cost of a more complex notation.
quant.divisionErrorWeight	None	type: NoneType	A weight (between 0 and 1) applied to the penalty of complex quantization of the beat. The higher this value is, the simpler the subdivision chosen. If set to None, this value is derived from the complexity preset (quant.complexity)
quant.gridErrorWeight	None	type: NoneType	A weight (between 0 and 1) applied to the deviation of a quantization to the actual attack times and durations during quantization. The higher this value, the more accurate the quantization (possibly resulting in more complex subdivisions of the beat). If None, the value is derived from the complexity preset (quant.complexity)
quant.rhythmComplexityWeight	None	type: NoneType	A weight (between 0 and 1) applied to the penalty calculated from the complexity of the rhythm during quantization. A higher value results in more complex rhythms being considered for quantization. If None, the value is derived from the complexity (quant.complexity)
quant.gridErrorExp	None	type: NoneType	An exponent applied to the grid error. The grid error is a value between 0-1 which indicates how accurate the grid representation is for a given quantization (a value of 0 indicates perfect timing). An exponent betwenn 0 < exp <= 1 will make grid errors weight more dramatically as they diverge from the most accurate solution. If None, the value is derived from the complexity setting (quant.complexity)
quant.debug	False	type: bool	Turns on debugging for the quantization process. This will show how different divisions of the beat are being evaluated by the quantizer in terms of what is contributing more to the ranking. With this information it is possible to adjust the weights (quant.rhythmCompleityWeight, quant.divisionErrorWeight, etc)
quant.debugShowNumRows	50	type: int	When quantization debugging is turned on this setting limits the number of different quantization possibilities shown
dynamicCurveShape	expon(0.3)	type: str	The shape used to create the default dynamics curve. The most convenient shape is some variation of an exponential, given as expon(exp), where exp is the exponential used. exp < 1 will result in more resolution for soft dynamics
dynamicCurveMindb	-60	between -160 - 0	The amplitude (in dB) corresponding to the softest dynamic
dynamicCurveMaxdb	0	between -160 - 0	The amplitude (in dB) corresponding to the loudest dynamic
dynamicCurveDynamics	ppp pp p mp mf f ff fff	type: str	Possible dynamic steps. A string with all dynamic steps, sorted from softest to loudest

Environment

Some aspects of the environment can be queried through the Workspace

• recordPath(): returns the path where recordings are placed whenever the user does not give an absolute path

• presetsPath(): presets created via defPreset are saved in this path and loaded in future sessions.

w.recordPath()

'/home/em/.local/share/maelzel/recordings'

w.presetsPath()

'/home/em/.local/share/maelzel/core/presets'

Dynamics

Mapping dynamic expressions to amplitudes

The dynamic curve within the active Workspace is used to map dynamics to amplitude for playback, or to transcribe amplitudes as dynamics

w.dynamicCurve.plot()

Testing dynamics

Luciano Berio, “O King”

# Reset any active scorestruct to the default
setScoreStruct()

events = [
    "4F:4:ff",
    "4A:2.5:pp",
    "4F:0",    # dur=0 indicates a grace note
    "4A:1:pp",
    "4B:3",
    "5C#:3",
    "4F:3",
    "4A:2:ff",
    "4F:0:pp",
    "4A:1.5:pp",
    "4Ab:1.5",
    "4Bb:1",
    "5D:.5",
    "5C#:2",
    "4B:1.5:ff",
    "4F:2.5:pp"
]
voice = Chain(events)
voice

Chain([4F:4♩, 4A:2.5♩, 4F, 4A:1♩, 4B:3♩, 5C#:3♩, 4F:3♩, 4A:2♩, 4F, 4A:1.5♩, …], dur=29)

Set the score structure to match the original. Either the .scorestruct attribute can be modified directly or the function setScoreStruct can be used

w = getWorkspace()
w.scorestruct = ScoreStruct('''
  4/4, 60
  2/4
  3/8
  3/4
  .
  .
  2/4
  3/8
  3/4,,A
  2/4
  .
  3/4
  4/4
  3/4
  4/4
  3/4
  2/4
  4/4
  .
  2/4,,B
''')
voice.show()

Play with the default instr (piano, with pedal)

# voice.play(instr='piano', sustain=8, gain=2)

r = voice.rec("tmp/oking.ogg", instr='piano', sustain=8, nchnls=1, gain=2)
r

OfflineRenderer(outfile="/home/em/dev/python/maelzel/docs/notebooks/tmp/oking.ogg", 1 channels, 34.50 secs, 44100 Hz)

A dynamic curve with less contrast

dyncurve = workspace.DynamicCurve.fromdescr(shape='expon(0.25)', mindb=-40)
dyncurve.plot()

with Workspace(dynamicCurve=dyncurve):
    voice.rec(instr='piano', sustain=8, gain=2, nchnls=1).show()

OfflineRenderer(outfile="/home/em/.local/share/maelzel/recordings/rec-2023-03-27T20:45:16.814.wav", 1 channels, 37.00 secs, 44100 Hz)